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Ethanol has a long history as a fuel for petrol engines. As far back as 1908, the first mass-produced car, the Ford Model T, ran on petrol, kerosene and ethanol. Ethanol was the most widely used fuel in cars before it was replaced by cheaper petrol after World War II.
Ethanol made a comeback after the oil crisis in the 1970s, when it was used to reduce oil dependency and exposure to price volatility. In Europe, ethanol is mainly used to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in transport. Ethanol can be used as a stand-alone fuel but is typically mixed with petrol at various levels and then sold as a fuel blend.
Fuels containing ethanol include: E10 (up to 10% ethanol), E85 (from 65% to 85% ethanol) and ED95 (95% ethanol).
Every litre of petrol sold in Europe already contains ethanol: up to 5% in volume and up to 10% in volume in Belgium, Germany, Finland, France and the Netherlands where E10 is sold. E85 is sold in several countries, including Finland, France, Sweden and the Czech Republic. In Europe all petrol vehicles can run on up to 5% ethanol, and more than 90% of the vehicles produced after 2000 are compatible with E10. Flex-fuel vehicles can run on higher ethanol blends up to E85.
Fuel consumption can increase slightly with higher ethanol blends because ethanol contains less energy per unit of volume than petrol. For example, a switch from petrol containing 5% ethanol to E10 could lead to a maximum 1-2% increase in fuel consumption. However, any increase in fuel consumption is partially offset by ethanol's greater energy efficiency.
Ethanol’s efficiency comes from its physical properties. It cools down engines twice as much as petrol when vaporized and provides more octane, which helps improve efficiency, especially in today’s downsized petrol engines. This boost of efficiency also helps reduce harmful emissions – meaning the more ethanol that is blended with petrol, the greater the benefits. Ethanol’s octane rating is 107, higher than that of regular petrol (95) and premium petrol (98). Beyond improving the resistance of the fuel to damage-causing premature combustion, ethanol can be used in high-performance fuels, to further reduce emission and fuel consumption in optimized engines.